What is a spin-off?

A spin-off is a corporate action that separates a firm into two or more independent entities. The new shares are typically distributed on a pro rata basis to keep proportional ownership of the parent company and the newly spun-off entity.

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Why is the cost basis wrong for my new shares after a Spin Off?
What is a subscription right?
Where can I get information on a merger?
Was the cost basis of positions carried over on the Merger date?