{"id":45326,"date":"2020-05-15T10:49:38","date_gmt":"2020-05-15T14:49:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/?p=45326"},"modified":"2022-11-21T09:45:31","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T14:45:31","slug":"python-function-tutorial-part-vii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/python-function-tutorial-part-vii\/","title":{"rendered":"Python Function Tutorial \u2013 Part VII"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

See the previous installment in this series to catch up with Python functions with default arguments<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Python functions with variable length arguments<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let’s consider a scenario where we as developers aren’t sure about how many arguments a user will want to pass while calling a python function. For example, a function that takes floats or integers (irrespective of how many they are) as arguments and returns the sum of all of them. We can implement this scenario as shown below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ndef sum_all(*args):
\n “””Sum all values in the *args.”””
\n # Initialize result to 0
\n result = 0
\n # Sum all values
\n for i in args:
\n result += i
\n # Return the result
\n return result\n<\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flexible argument is written as *<\/code> followed by the parameter name in the Python function definition. The parameter args<\/code> preceded by *<\/code> denotes that this parameter is of variable length. Python then unpacks it to a tuple<\/em> of the same name args<\/code> which will be available to use within the function. In the above example, we initialize the variable result<\/code> to 0 which will hold the sum of all arguments. We then loop over the args<\/code> to compute a sum and update the result<\/code> with each iteration. Finally, we return the sum to the calling statement. The sum_all<\/code> python function can be called with any number of arguments and it will add them all up as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n# Calling the sum_all function with arbitrary number of arguments.
\nprint(sum_all(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
\n# Output
\n15
\n# Calling with different numbers of arguments.
\nprint(sum_all(15, 20, 6))
\n# Output
\n41\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here, *args<\/code> is used as the parameter name (the shorthand for arguments<\/em>), but we can use any valid identifier as the parameter name. It justs needs to be preceded by *<\/code> to make it flexible in length. On the same lines, Python provides another flavor of flexible arguments which are preceded by double asterisk marks. When used ,they are unpacked to dictionaries<\/em> (with the same name) by the interpreter and are available to use within the function. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\ndef info(**kwargs):
\n “””Print out key-value pairs in **kwargs.”””
\n # Run for loop to prints dictionary items
\n for key, value in kwargs.items():
\n print(key + ‘: ‘ + value)
\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here, the parameter **kwargs<\/code> are known as keywords arguments<\/em> which will be converted into a dictionary of the same name. We then loop over it and print all keys and values. Again, it is totally valid to use an identifier other than kwargs<\/code> as the parameter name. The info<\/code> python function can be called as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n# Calling the function
\nprint(info(ticker=’AAPL’, price=’146.83′, name=’Apple Inc.’, country=’US’))
\n# Output
\nticker: AAPL
\nprice: 146.83
\nname: Apple Inc.
\ncountry: US\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That is all about the default and flexible arguments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the next installment, the author will discuss<\/em> documentation string<\/em><\/em>, DocStrings<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visit https:\/\/www.quantinsti.com\/<\/a> for ready-to-use Python functions as applied in trading and data analysis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

QuantInsti continues this tutorial series with a close look at Python functions with variable length 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