{"id":238891,"date":"2026-02-10T11:38:45","date_gmt":"2026-02-10T16:38:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/?p=238891"},"modified":"2026-02-11T04:47:12","modified_gmt":"2026-02-11T09:47:12","slug":"a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/","title":{"rendered":"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>The article &#8220;A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!&#8221; was originally posted on <a href=\"https:\/\/ibridgepy.com\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/\">IBridgePy<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Backtesting is a crucial step in developing and evaluating trading strategies. It involves applying a strategy to historical market data to determine its performance and potential profitability.&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ibridgepy.com\/backtest-trading\/\">Backtesting in Python<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;can help traders and quantitative analysts to identify potential weaknesses and improve their trading strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In this blog, we will provide a comprehensive guide to backtesting in Python.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 1:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Collect and clean historical data<\/strong>: \u2013 The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean historical data. You can obtain historical data from various sources, including financial data providers and trading platforms. Once you have the data, you need to clean it by removing missing values, outliers, and other errors that may affect the accuracy of your backtesting results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 2:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Define your trading strategy<\/strong>: \u2013 The next step is to define your trading strategy. This involves specifying the entry and exit rules, stop-loss levels, and other parameters that will govern the behavior of your strategy. You can use technical indicators, fundamental data, or a combination of both to develop your trading strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 3: Implement your trading strategy in Python<\/strong>: \u2013 Once you have defined your trading strategy, you need to implement it in Python. You can use popular Python libraries, such as NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib, to write your backtesting code. You will also need to use a backtesting framework, such as Backtrader or PyAlgoTrade, to simulate your trading strategy on historical data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 4:<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>Evaluate your backtesting results<\/strong>: \u2013 After running your backtesting code, you need to evaluate the results to determine the performance of your trading strategy. You can use various performance metrics, such as profit and loss, maximum drawdown, and Sharpe ratio, to assess the performance of your strategy. You can also use visualization tools to analyze your backtesting results and identify potential areas for improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Step 5:Optimize your trading strategy<\/strong>: \u2013 Based on your backtesting results, you may need to optimize your trading strategy to improve its performance. You can use various optimization techniques, such as parameter tuning, walk-forward analysis, and genetic algorithms, to refine your strategy and improve its profitability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion,&nbsp;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ibridgepy.com\/backtest-trading\/\">backtesting in Python<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;is an essential step in developing and evaluating trading strategies. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can use Python to perform backtesting and improve the performance of your trading strategies. However, it is important to note that backtesting results may not always be indicative of future performance, and it is important to exercise caution and use sound risk management practices when trading in real time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The author of this article is not affiliated with Interactive Brokers. This software is in no way affiliated, endorsed, or approved by Interactive Brokers or any of its affiliates. It comes with absolutely no warranty and should not be used in actual trading unless the user can read and understand the source. The IBKR API team does not support this software<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1293,"featured_media":205828,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"footnotes":""},"categories":[339,343,349,338,341],"tags":[4873,11809,4659,1225,1224,595,4135,5545,18053,2536],"contributors-categories":[16524],"class_list":{"0":"post-238891","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-data-science","8":"category-programing-languages","9":"category-python-development","10":"category-ibkr-quant-news","11":"category-quant-development","12":"tag-backtesting","13":"tag-backtrader","14":"tag-matplotlib","15":"tag-numpy","16":"tag-pandas","17":"tag-python","18":"tag-risk-management","19":"tag-sharpe-ratio","20":"tag-trading-strategies","21":"tag-visualization","22":"contributors-categories-ibridgepy"},"pp_statuses_selecting_workflow":false,"pp_workflow_action":"current","pp_status_selection":"publish","acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.9 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python! | IBKR Quant<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238891\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"IBKR Campus US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"563\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. Hui Liu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dr. Hui Liu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\n\t    \"@context\": \"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\n\t    \"@graph\": [\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"NewsArticle\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#article\",\n\t            \"isPartOf\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"author\": {\n\t                \"name\": \"Dr. Hui Liu\",\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/30c41b6ab002df1b3fc557e3ec39fdf1\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"headline\": \"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!\",\n\t            \"datePublished\": \"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00\",\n\t            \"dateModified\": \"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00\",\n\t            \"mainEntityOfPage\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"wordCount\": 499,\n\t            \"commentCount\": 0,\n\t            \"publisher\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#organization\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"image\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#primaryimage\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/backtesting-finance.jpg\",\n\t            \"keywords\": [\n\t                \"backtesting\",\n\t                \"Backtrader\",\n\t                \"Matplotlib\",\n\t                \"NumPy\",\n\t                \"Pandas\",\n\t                \"Python\",\n\t                \"risk management\",\n\t                \"Sharpe Ratio\",\n\t                \"Trading Strategies\",\n\t                \"Visualization\"\n\t            ],\n\t            \"articleSection\": [\n\t                \"Data Science\",\n\t                \"Programming Languages\",\n\t                \"Python Development\",\n\t                \"Quant\",\n\t                \"Quant Development\"\n\t            ],\n\t            \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\",\n\t            \"potentialAction\": [\n\t                {\n\t                    \"@type\": \"CommentAction\",\n\t                    \"name\": \"Comment\",\n\t                    \"target\": [\n\t                        \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#respond\"\n\t                    ]\n\t                }\n\t            ]\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"WebPage\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/\",\n\t            \"name\": \"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python! | IBKR Campus US\",\n\t            \"isPartOf\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#website\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"primaryImageOfPage\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#primaryimage\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"image\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#primaryimage\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"thumbnailUrl\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/backtesting-finance.jpg\",\n\t            \"datePublished\": \"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00\",\n\t            \"dateModified\": \"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00\",\n\t            \"description\": \"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.\",\n\t            \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\",\n\t            \"potentialAction\": [\n\t                {\n\t                    \"@type\": \"ReadAction\",\n\t                    \"target\": [\n\t                        \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/\"\n\t                    ]\n\t                }\n\t            ]\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n\t            \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/ibkr-quant-news\\\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\\\/#primaryimage\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/backtesting-finance.jpg\",\n\t            \"contentUrl\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/04\\\/backtesting-finance.jpg\",\n\t            \"width\": 1000,\n\t            \"height\": 563,\n\t            \"caption\": \"backtesting\"\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"WebSite\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#website\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/\",\n\t            \"name\": \"IBKR Campus US\",\n\t            \"description\": \"Financial Education from Interactive Brokers\",\n\t            \"publisher\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#organization\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"potentialAction\": [\n\t                {\n\t                    \"@type\": \"SearchAction\",\n\t                    \"target\": {\n\t                        \"@type\": \"EntryPoint\",\n\t                        \"urlTemplate\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"\n\t                    },\n\t                    \"query-input\": {\n\t                        \"@type\": \"PropertyValueSpecification\",\n\t                        \"valueRequired\": true,\n\t                        \"valueName\": \"search_term_string\"\n\t                    }\n\t                }\n\t            ],\n\t            \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\"\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"Organization\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#organization\",\n\t            \"name\": \"Interactive Brokers\",\n\t            \"alternateName\": \"IBKR\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/\",\n\t            \"logo\": {\n\t                \"@type\": \"ImageObject\",\n\t                \"inLanguage\": \"en-US\",\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\n\t                \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/ibkr-campus-logo.jpg\",\n\t                \"contentUrl\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2024\\\/05\\\/ibkr-campus-logo.jpg\",\n\t                \"width\": 669,\n\t                \"height\": 669,\n\t                \"caption\": \"Interactive Brokers\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"image\": {\n\t                \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"\n\t            },\n\t            \"publishingPrinciples\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/about-ibkr-campus\\\/\",\n\t            \"ethicsPolicy\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/cyber-security-notice\\\/\"\n\t        },\n\t        {\n\t            \"@type\": \"Person\",\n\t            \"@id\": \"https:\\\/\\\/ibkrcampus.com\\\/campus\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/30c41b6ab002df1b3fc557e3ec39fdf1\",\n\t            \"name\": \"Dr. Hui Liu\",\n\t            \"description\": \"Dr. Hui Liu is an expert in data analysis and modeling and holds a certification in Six Sigma Black Belt. He has 15+ years of experience in software development, from initial concepts to final products. Dr. Liu is the founder and CEO of Running River Investment LLC, and the owner of IBridgePy https:\\\/\\\/ibridgepy.com\\\/. In addition, he serves on the EPAT Faculty at QuantInsti.com.\",\n\t            \"url\": \"https:\\\/\\\/www.interactivebrokers.com\\\/campus\\\/author\\\/drhuiliu\\\/\"\n\t        }\n\t    ]\n\t}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python! | IBKR Quant","description":"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238891\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!","og_description":"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/","og_site_name":"IBKR Campus US","article_published_time":"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1000,"height":563,"url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Dr. Hui Liu","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Dr. Hui Liu","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/"},"author":{"name":"Dr. Hui Liu","@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#\/schema\/person\/30c41b6ab002df1b3fc557e3ec39fdf1"},"headline":"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python!","datePublished":"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/"},"wordCount":499,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","keywords":["backtesting","Backtrader","Matplotlib","NumPy","Pandas","Python","risk management","Sharpe Ratio","Trading Strategies","Visualization"],"articleSection":["Data Science","Programming Languages","Python Development","Quant","Quant Development"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/","url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/","name":"A Comprehensive Guide Backtesting in Python! | IBKR Campus US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","datePublished":"2026-02-10T16:38:45+00:00","dateModified":"2026-02-11T09:47:12+00:00","description":"The first step in backtesting is to collect and clean.","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/ibkr-quant-news\/a-comprehensive-guide-backtesting-in-python\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","width":1000,"height":563,"caption":"backtesting"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/","name":"IBKR Campus US","description":"Financial Education from Interactive Brokers","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#organization","name":"Interactive Brokers","alternateName":"IBKR","url":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/05\/ibkr-campus-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/05\/ibkr-campus-logo.jpg","width":669,"height":669,"caption":"Interactive Brokers"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"publishingPrinciples":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/about-ibkr-campus\/","ethicsPolicy":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/cyber-security-notice\/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/#\/schema\/person\/30c41b6ab002df1b3fc557e3ec39fdf1","name":"Dr. Hui Liu","description":"Dr. Hui Liu is an expert in data analysis and modeling and holds a certification in Six Sigma Black Belt. He has 15+ years of experience in software development, from initial concepts to final products. Dr. Liu is the founder and CEO of Running River Investment LLC, and the owner of IBridgePy https:\/\/ibridgepy.com\/. In addition, he serves on the EPAT Faculty at QuantInsti.com.","url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/author\/drhuiliu\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/backtesting-finance.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238891","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1293"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=238891"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/238891\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/205828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=238891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=238891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=238891"},{"taxonomy":"contributors-categories","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributors-categories?post=238891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}