{"id":111690,"date":"2021-11-17T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T17:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/?p=111690"},"modified":"2023-03-14T12:57:37","modified_gmt":"2023-03-14T16:57:37","slug":"change-is-upon-the-interest-rate-markets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.interactivebrokers.com\/campus\/traders-insight\/securities\/fixed-income\/change-is-upon-the-interest-rate-markets\/","title":{"rendered":"Change is Upon the Interest Rate Markets"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">AT A GLANCE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Since the beginning of October, the CME FedWatch Tool has indicated an increased probability of a second rate hike by the end of 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>As recently as October, Eurodollar volume significantly moved into Quarterlies and 1-Year Mid-Curve options, traditionally a sign of near-term rate moves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Once started, events often happen much faster than expected. &nbsp;This is particularly true with changes in interest rate hike expectations and changes in the structure of interest rate markets themselves which both appear to be trending towards 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the prior weeks the markets have priced in hikes in several regions; volatility and options volumes on Eurodollar futures have jumped higher; and regulators are continuing to guide markets to shift from LIBOR to SOFR futures and options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"fomc-rate-hike-expectations-have-shifted-higher\">FOMC Rate Hike Expectations Have Shifted Higher<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the beginning of October, the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/trading\/interest-rates\/countdown-to-fomc.html\">CME FedWatch Tool<\/a>&nbsp;has indicated an increased probability of a second hike by the end of 2022. The purple line in Exhibit 1 shows how expectation of a second hike has leapt higher. Concurrently the market has priced a very low probably of no hikes (blue) and the probability of one hike (orange) has fallen off the table from 40% to less than 20%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>CME FedWatch Tool Historic Probabilities of Various Hikes. Source: CME Group<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"615\" data-src=\"\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-1100x615.jpg\" alt=\"Target rate probability history for federal reserve meeting on 14 dec 2022\" class=\"wp-image-111691 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-1100x615.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-700x391.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-1536x859.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_1-scaled.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; aspect-ratio: 1100\/615;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The distribution profile of December 22 rates is shown in Exhibit 2 and it looks somewhat like a normal distribution with the highest probability of a target rate of 50-75 basis points. Importantly, the distribution is somewhat skewed to the higher side with the market pricing a rate regime of 100-125 basis points at nearly 18%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CME FedWatch Tool for December 2022. Source: CME Group<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"632\" data-src=\"\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-1100x632.jpg\" alt=\"target rate probabilities for 14 dec 2022 fed meeting\" class=\"wp-image-111692 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-1100x632.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-700x402.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-768x441.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-1536x882.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_2-scaled.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; aspect-ratio: 1100\/632;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"eurodollar-options-on-futures-volumes-have-jumped\">Eurodollar Options on Futures Volumes Have Jumped<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Beginning with the zero-interest rate policy in 2008 and continuing through the following decade, volumes in Eurodollar Quarterly and Mid-Curve options have been solid indicators on when the market expects rate hikes to occur. &nbsp;When the market does not expect rate hikes for two or three years, one can see larger volume in the 2-, 3- and 4-year Mid-Curves. Alternatively, as Fed expectations move into the near term, a shift with volume concentrated in the shorter-dated quarterlies along with the 1-year Mid-Curve options can be seen.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As recently as October, markets responded to these changes in Fed expectations with average daily volume (ADV) significantly moving into both Quarterlies and 1-Year Mid-Curve options. Through the first three quarters, the market was focused on positioning the underlying 2023, 2024 and 2025 futures contracts illustrated by the negative numbers in Chart 1. Based on historical trends, this indicates that the market saw more potential for curve movement in the longer dated part of the curve beginning with 2023.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Selected Eurodollar Options on Futures ADV. Source: CME Group<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"479\" data-src=\"\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-1100x479.jpg\" alt=\"Selected Eurodollar Options on Future\" class=\"wp-image-111693 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-1100x479.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-700x305.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-768x334.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-1536x669.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_3-scaled.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; aspect-ratio: 1100\/479;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This changed significantly in October. &nbsp;Short-end volumes outperformed the long end by over 500,000 contracts ADV. &nbsp;This shows the market is much more focused on rate risk in the next 6-18 months. As for volatility in the 1-year Mid-Curve, highs have been reached at 54.6 bps. This is the volatility of a 90-day option and in the December 22-March 23 time frame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The jump in volatility has permeated other rate markets as well.&nbsp; CME Group&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/market-data\/cme-group-benchmark-administration\/cme-group-volatility-indexes.html\">Volatility Indexes<\/a>&nbsp;(CVOL) for the 2-Year Treasury future also show a significant breakout on 30-day implied volatility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CME Group 2YR CVOL Index (TVUY).<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"408\" data-src=\"\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-1100x408.jpg\" alt=\"CME Group 2YR CVOL Index (TVUY).\" class=\"wp-image-111694 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-1100x408.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-700x260.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-300x111.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-768x285.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-1536x570.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_4-scaled.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; aspect-ratio: 1100\/408;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>While option volumes and interest rate volatility have been increasing, so has the attention that the regulators are giving non-linear (option) products based on LIBOR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"regulatory-decree-encouraging-move-from-libor-to-sofr\">Regulatory Decree Encouraging Move from LIBOR to SOFR<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Slightly over three months ago, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Market Risk Advisory Committee (MRAC) in a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cftc.gov\/PressRoom\/PressReleases\/8409-21\">release<\/a>&nbsp;\u201cadopted a market best practice known as&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cftc.gov\/media\/6176\/MRAC_SOFRFirstSubcommitteeRecommendation071321\/download\">SOFR First<\/a>.\u201d In the words of the MRAC, \u201cSOFR First represents a prioritization of trading in SOFR rather than USD LIBOR for particular market segments and products, which is designed to help market participants decrease reliance on USD LIBOR in light of supervisory guidance that such activity should cease as soon as practicable and in any event by December 31, 2021.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The timeline is clear and is in four phases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Phase 1 \u2013 Linear Swaps&nbsp;<strong>(Complete)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phase 2 \u2013 Cross Currency Swaps&nbsp;<strong>(Complete)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phase 3 \u2013 Non-Linear Derivatives&nbsp;<strong>(November 8, 2021)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Phase 4 \u2013 Exchange Traded Derivatives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the completion of Phase 1, volumes on SOFR futures have skyrocketed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1100\" height=\"573\" data-src=\"\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-1100x573.jpg\" alt=\"volumes on SOFR futures have skyrocketed\" class=\"wp-image-111695 lazyload\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-1100x573.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-700x365.jpg 700w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-768x400.jpg 768w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-1536x800.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/ibkrcampus.com\/campus\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/11\/cme_11-1721_5-scaled.jpg 2048w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; aspect-ratio: 1100\/573;\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Source: CME Group<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With November 8 passed, dealers are now focused on moving from LIBOR-based swaptions to SOFR-based swaptions. Indeed, with the March 2021 inclusion of SOFR-based fallbacks in the Eurodollar futures&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/content\/dam\/cmegroup\/rulebook\/CME\/V\/450\/452\/452.pdf\">rulebook<\/a>, contracts with an underlying greater than June 2023 are effectively SOFR-linked contracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In early 2020, CME Group launched 3-Month SOFR options duplicating the entire Eurodollar and Mid-Curve options complex.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a><\/a>The trends in linear products suggest that the coming SOFR First guidance, along with Fed guidance on the use of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/newsevents\/pressreleases\/files\/bcreg20201130a1.pdf\">LIBOR<\/a>, could encourage additional uptake in SOFR-based swaptions and options on SOFR futures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-times-they-are-a-changing\">The Times, They are a Changing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The market has quickly changed its forecasts for the path of future interest rates. Eurodollar options have responded in kind. The CFTC\u2019s SOFR First initiative is rapidly moving non-linear risk taking to SOFR-based products. CME Group Watch Tools can show the changes in market expectations, but market participants will do well to heed upcoming phases of SOFR First and prepare now for non-linear SOFR products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Originally Posted on November 12, 2021 &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmegroup.com\/openmarkets\/interest-rates\/Change-is-Upon-the-Interest-Rate-Markets.html\">Change is Upon the Interest Rate Markets<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>OpenMarkets is an online magazine and blog focused on global markets and economic trends. It combines feature articles, news briefs and videos with contributions from leaders in business, finance, economics and politics in an interactive forum designed to foster conversation around the issues and ideas shaping our industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All examples are hypothetical interpretations of situations and are used for explanation purposes only. The views expressed in OpenMarkets articles reflect solely those of their respective authors and not necessarily those of CME Group or its affiliated institutions. OpenMarkets and the information herein should not be considered investment advice or the results of actual market experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neither futures trading nor swaps trading are suitable for all investors, and each involves the risk of loss. Swaps trading should only be undertaken by investors who are Eligible Contract Participants (ECPs) within the meaning of Section 1a(18) of the Commodity Exchange Act. Futures and swaps each are leveraged investments and, because only a percentage of a contract\u2019s value is required to trade, it is possible to lose more than the amount of money deposited for either a futures or swaps position. Therefore, traders should only use funds that they can afford to lose without affecting their lifestyles and only a portion of those funds should be devoted to any one trade because traders cannot expect to profit on every trade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BrokerTec Americas LLC (\u201cBAL\u201d) is a registered broker-dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.finra.org\/\">www.FINRA.org<\/a>), and is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipc.org\/\">www.SIPC.org<\/a>). BAL does not provide services to private or retail customers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the United Kingdom, BrokerTec Europe Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CME Amsterdam B.V. is regulated in the Netherlands by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM) (www.AFM.nl).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CME Investment Firm B.V. is also incorporated in the Netherlands and regulated by the Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM), as well as the Central Bank of the Netherlands (DNB).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Since the beginning of October, the CME FedWatch Tool has indicated an increased probability of a second rate hike by the end of 2022.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":714,"featured_media":111694,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,15,16,17,6,19,8,9,26,3],"tags":[850,8644],"contributors-categories":[13577],"class_list":{"0":"post-111690","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-europe-middle-east-africa","8":"category-fixed-income","9":"category-forex","10":"category-futures","11":"category-north-america","12":"category-options","13":"category-region","14":"category-securities","15":"category-text-articles","16":"category-traders-insight","17":"tag-interest-rates","18":"tag-sofr","19":"contributors-categories-cme-group"},"pp_statuses_selecting_workflow":false,"pp_workflow_action":"current","pp_status_selection":"publish","acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.9 (Yoast SEO 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